讲究实用的墨子(子曰诗云)******
墨家巨子田鸠去拜会楚王。楚王问他:“墨子是赫赫有名的学者。他的亲身实践还算可以,可为什么他讲的话虽然很多,却不动听呢?”
田鸠先讲了两个故事。一个是说,秦王把女儿嫁给晋国公子,陪嫁的媵妾有70人,衣着都很华丽。到了晋国,晋国人反而喜欢陪嫁的妾,而看不上秦王的女儿。
再一个故事很有名,买椟还珠,说有个楚国人到郑国去卖宝珠。他用名贵的木兰香木做了一个精美的匣子,用香料熏烤,用珠玉点缀,用玫瑰装饰,用翡翠衬托。结果郑国人只买了他的匣子,却退还了宝珠。
田鸠得出结论:当今世人的言谈,说的尽是些华丽动听的辞令。君主往往只欣赏言辞的华美,却忽视了它的实用价值。墨子的学说传授先王治国的办法,阐述圣人的言论并宣告于天下人。假如只想使言辞动听,那恐怕人们就会只追求言辞华美而忽视它的实用价值,因为言辞而损害了实用。所以墨子讲的话虽然很多,但是不动听。
上述对话见于《韩非子》,说明当时学者对于墨家学说“多而不辩”的特点很清楚。这与我们阅读《墨子》时的感觉一致。与诸子文章相比,《墨子》可能无《论语》的简约,无《孟子》的雄辩,无《荀子》的精细,无《庄子》的奇诡,这与墨子、墨家学说重实利的特点有关。
墨家祖师墨子,一般认为是春秋战国之际的鲁国人,工匠出身。儒道墨法,先秦最重要的四家学派,孔子、老子、韩非子在《史记》中都有自己的传记,唯独墨子,司马迁只在《孟子荀卿列传》里附带提了这么短短一句:“墨翟是宋国的大臣,在军事上擅长守卫,在思想上主张俭朴节约。有人说他和孔子是同时代人,也有人说他比孔子晚。”
这说明早在汉初之际,墨家就已衰落到乏人问津的田地了,接下来又沉默了几乎2000年,一直到清末民国时期,才被重新发现。当时一批著名学者整理注解《墨子》,诠释发扬墨学,让墨子重新回到人们视野中来。
于是,今天我们得以看到,墨子以一介平民的身份,保持着席不暇暖的勤奋状态,终日奔走在制止战争、劝说兼爱的路上,具有一种摩顶放踵的牺牲精神。因此,他开创的墨家,被认为是中国传统文化中最具有救世情怀的学派。其观点集中在《墨子》一书中。
《墨子》成书于战国时期,今存53篇,内容驳杂,按照胡适、梁启超等学者的观点,大概可以分成5组。
第一组《亲士》《修身》《所染》《法仪》《七患》《辞过》《三辩》这7篇,都是后人伪造的。前3篇全无墨家口气,颇有道家儒家言论。后4篇是根据墨家余论而作,可以看做墨学概要,梁启超认为应当先读。
第二组包括《尚贤》《尚同》《兼爱》《非攻》《节用》《节葬》《天志》《明鬼》《非乐》《非命》《非儒》等24篇,多“子墨子曰”的字样,应该是弟子记录、推演墨子学说的文本,也有后人加入的内容。
这些篇章每个主题都分上中下3篇,文义大同小异,为何如此?民国学者陈柱做了一番复盘:“余意墨子随地演说,弟子各有记录,言有时而详略,记有时而繁简,是以各有三篇。当时演说,或不止三次,所记亦不止三篇。然古人以三为成数,……故编辑《墨子》书者,仅存三篇,以备参考,其或以此乎?”很有道理,但细读文本可以发现每个主题的上篇往往比中下篇的逻辑更严密、论说更到位,有学者推测上篇的形成比中下篇要晚,因此更加成熟一些。编辑者把最好的文本置于最前,说明深谙传播之道。
第三组《经》《经说》《大取》《小取》等6篇,既不是墨子的书,也不是墨者记墨子学说之书,而是与惠施、公孙龙等名家学说十分接近。惠施、公孙龙的学说,差不多全保存在这6篇之内。
第四组包括《耕柱》《贵义》《公孟》《鲁问》《公输》5篇,是墨家后人将墨子言行编辑而成,类似《论语》。其中很多材料比第二组还重要。
第五组从《备城门》到《杂守》11篇,所记皆墨家守城之法,在《汉书·艺文志》的分类中属于“兵技巧”,也夹杂着一些阴阳学说。
总之,集中体现墨子思想的,是第二和第四组文章。清代学者孙诒让说,读墨子,从《尚贤》到《非命》就够了。从中可以看出,墨家是儒家最早的反对派和论敌。儒家说爱有差等,墨子就说要兼爱;儒者讲究厚葬,墨子提倡薄葬;孔子推崇音乐,墨子就说非乐;儒学远鬼知命,墨子明鬼非命……可以说,凡是儒家支持的,墨家就反对;凡是儒家反对的,墨家就支持。因此,读完《论语》看《墨子》,就像去完极地去赤道,冰火两重天。
值得一提的是,第三组和第五组文章,在逻辑学、光学、物理学、兵法等诸多方面对中国古代科技有卓越贡献。李约瑟就曾据此称赞“墨家的科学成就超过整个古希腊”。是不是过誉暂且不论,极力肯定的背后说明墨家在这方面确实有两把刷子。(熊 建)
中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀 摄由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
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